Bioengineers Make Substantial Advances with Saliva-Based THC Sensor

University of Texas at Dallas researchers have developed a hand-held rapid saliva test that can measure the level of THC, the major active component in marijuana, with 94% accuracy.

The device, called CannibiSenS, also can distinguish between THC and CBD, a component of the cannabis plant that does not cause a psychoactive effect and is sold legally in dietary substances, creams and other products in most states.

The sensor could be used as a tool for law enforcement officers to test drivers they believe to be impaired. Additionally, medical marijuana practitioners, patients and recreational users might find it helpful to monitor THC levels, said Dr. Shalini Prasad, professor and department head of bioengineering and a Cecil H. and Ida Green Professor in Systems Biology Science in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science. Prasad and her colleagues published a study on the technology online May 24, 2023 and in the July 7, 2023 print edition of the journal Analyst.

“The CannibiSenS device has demonstrated the potential for serving the cannabis community in a manner akin to how glucose monitors help the diabetic community,” said Prasad, who has developed similar technology to monitor glucose levels in sweat. “Ultimately the goal is to provide actionable data with a simple mess-free method.”

“Our saliva test will tell you what the THC level is, which in medical cases can help determine an optimal dosing level. Patients could use the test to manage their doses and make adjustments when needed.”

— Dr. Shalini Prasad, Cecil H. and Ida Green Professor in Systems Biology Science professor and department head of bioengineering in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science

Using the device involves taking a saliva sample from inside the cheek with a swab. The sample can be placed onto the sensor by gently dabbing the swab onto the sensor surface or by using a dropper if the sample was collected earlier. The electrochemical sensor is more sensitive than over-the-counter tests, which typically detect THC but do not determine its concentration.

Measuring THC concentration is important, Prasad said, because detectable amounts of the compound can remain in a marijuana user’s bloodstream for days after use, creating the potential for false positives in a roadside test, for instance. She said the sensor’s ability to distinguish between THC and CBD also reduces the chance of false positives.

To test the device’s capability in a real field-test scenario, researchers collected saliva samples from five people, then spiked the samples with THC before testing the samples with the device. It was accurate 94% of the time.

Marijuana is the most used federally illegal drug in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Marijuana affects parts of the brain responsible for memory, learning, attention, decision-making, coordination, emotion and reaction time. There is no universal threshold for the amount of THC that causes impairment, and it can be difficult for users to monitor because the potency of marijuana can vary. Many states that have legalized marijuana, however, have set the threshold at 5 nanograms per milliliter.

For medical marijuana practitioners and patients, the sensor could help determine the most effective dose.

“Our saliva test will tell you what the THC level is, which in medical cases can help determine an optimal dosing level,” Prasad said. “Patients could use the test to manage their doses and make adjustments when needed.”

The UT Dallas researchers’ study follows a 2019 proof of concept study that generated interest in the device. Prasad, who directs the Biomedical Microdevices and Nanotechnology Laboratory, and her team of researchers have developed sensor technologies that can detect molecules associated with various conditions, including diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. Most recently, they demonstrated technology that can detect two key biomarkers of infection in human sweat, a significant step toward making it possible for users to receive early warnings of infections such as COVID-19 and influenza.

In addition to senior author Prasad, other contributors of the Analyst study are biomedical engineering doctoral student Nathan Churcher BS’19, a Eugene McDermott Graduate Fellow and National Science Foundation Louis Stokes Alliances for Minority Participation (LSAMP) Bridge to the Doctorate awardee, and former bioengineering research assistant Vikram Narayanan Dhamu PhD’23.

The device was developed in collaboration with EnLiSense, an Allen, Texas, company that develops lifestyle-based sensors and devices. Prasad is a co-founder of EnLiSense.